Credit: NASA Ames/SETI Institute/JPL-hCaltec
Biosignatures that vary in time and atmospheric gases that shouldn't exist without life to replenish them could be two possible ways to detect life on exoplanets.
Finding any life that might exist on other planets is extremely challenging. Even in our own Solar System, where we can send probes and orbiters to worlds of interest such as Mars, it is difficult to assess if any microbial life is, or was ever, present. When studying exoplanets, we can only look at the starlight shining through a planet's atmosphere in the hope that it will reveal absorption or emission lines that indicate gases produced by life. Detailed analyses of the atmospheres of exoplanets is still mostly in the realm of future telescopes, such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), but understanding what to look for is an important step in the hunt for life on other planets.
Oxygen is produced by photosynthesis and is commonly thought to be a potential biosignature on other worlds, although it is also possible for oxygen to be produced from abiotic sources. Similarly, methane is produced by life and is a potential biomarker, but can also be produced by other means. Now, two recent papers discuss new ways of looking for biosignatures by studying how life can influence a planet’s atmosphere. [NASA's TESS Exoplanet-Hunting Mission in Pictures]
A paper by Stephanie Olson at the University of California, Riverside, and colleagues, discusses how seasonal changes in the atmosphere caused by life could be used as a biosignature. The second paper is by Joshua Krissansen-Totton at the University of Washington, along with Olson and David Catling, and looked at potential biosignatures produced by atmospheric gases that can only co-exist in the presence of life.
The changing seasons
Signals from an exoplanet that vary over time, such as with the seasons, could help to rule out false positives or negatives that occur in single snapshot observations. By understanding how atmospheric gases vary over the course of a year on Earth, it will help inform scientists about what signals to look for on other planets.
"Rather than simply recognizing that a planet hosts life, we may be able to say something about how the activities of its biosphere vary in space and time," says Olson.
Seasonality in the Earth's atmosphere arises because of the interactions between the biosphere and the varying solar radiation reaching Earth at different points in its orbit. Seasonal variations shift the balance between two different reactions: photosynthesis and aerobic respiration. Photosynthesis occurs as carbon dioxide and water react to become organic matter and oxygen, and aerobic respiration causes the reverse reaction, producing carbon dioxide and water. The maximum production of oxygen occurs during the summer months when temperatures are warm.
The researchers examined the seasonal variations in carbon dioxide on Earth, a signal that could be detectable on other planets assuming that life elsewhere is also carbon-based. Carbon dioxide is an important atmospheric component on habitable worlds due to the role it plays in climate regulation via weathering.
They found that the seasonal carbon dioxide (CO2) signal would be dominated by land-based ecosystems, which are in direct contact with the atmosphere, indicating that CO2variability might not be detectable on ocean worlds. This is seen on Earth, where the ocean-dominated Southern Hemisphere has a weaker CO2 variability signal than the Northern Hemisphere. Carbon dioxide seasonality would be difficult to detect on other planets, but it is a powerful indicator of the presence of life since it is unlikely to occur on planets with an ocean unless life is present. [Exoplanet Discovery: The 7 Earth-Sized Planets of TRAPPIST-1 in Pictures]
They also looked at the scenario of an exoplanet that is an analog of the early-Earth, where life existed but where there was still very little oxygen in the atmosphere. Weak oxygen signals are difficult to detect, but a varying ozone signature (ozone is a molecule built from three oxygen atoms) might be more visible in the spectrum of an exoplanet. Such a signal is more likely to be detected for a planet with less oxygen than the present-day Earth because ozone can create a stronger signal than oxygen.
"Seasonality would be difficult to detect for a planet resembling the present-day Earth, at least in the case of oxygen," explains Olson. "The reason is that baseline levels of oxygen are really high today, and so small seasonal fluctuations are very challenging to measure at our planets surface, and would be even more so on a distant planet."
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