Jupiter's iconic storm, the Great Red Spot, may have just clued scientists in on an enthralling secret: the giant planet might have water.
Jupiter is a special world. It's the largest planet in our solar system, and likely was the first body to funnel the sun's leftover elements to form, according to NASA. So, it’s no surprise, then, that researchers once thought Jupiter had an identical composition to the sun.
But subsequent studies of the planet over the last few decades have revealed a Jupiter that is more complex. The hints of water in Jupiter's Great Red Spot come from a recent study by Gordon Bjoraker, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
"The moons that orbit Jupiter are mostly water ice, so the whole neighborhood has plenty of water," Bjoraker said in a NASA statement Thursday (Aug. 29). "Why wouldn't the planet — which is this huge gravity well, where everything falls into it — be water rich, too?"
Bjoraker and colleagues collected radiation data on Jupiter using two special telescopes on the Mauna Kea summit in Hawaii — an instrument at NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, and the "most sensitive infrared telescope on Earth" at the Keck Observatory, according to the space agency.
To supplement those observations, the team used data from NASA's Juno spacecraft, which can probe deeper into Jupiter's clouds than any mission before. Juno orbits Jupiter once every 53 days.
With ground-based instruments on Earth, the team watched thermal radiation leak from the depths of the Great Red Spot. They found that above the clouds in this turbulent region's abyss, chemical signatures of water existed. Models, both theoretical and computer-generated, support their findings of "abundant" water on Jupiter.
The researchers found that the deepest cloud layer with water signatures inside the Great Red Spot is at 5 bars, or five times the atmospheric pressure on Earth, where the temperatures reach water's freezing point.
This depth, in addition to the levels of carbon monoxide researchers detected on Jupiter, appears to confirm that Jupiter is rich in oxygen, and, since its abundance of hydrogenis already well-known, it has the ingredients for water.
But how much water could there be on Jupiter? More observations are needed to find out, researchers said.
"Jupiter's water abundance will tell us a lot about how the giant planet formed, but only if we can figure out how much water there is in the entire planet," Steven Levin, a Juno project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, said in the statement.
If future observations by Juno confirm the existence of water on Jupiter, and map it in detail, it could potentially be used to help determine if there's water on other gas giant planets.
"If it works, then maybe we can apply it elsewhere, like Saturn, Uranus or Neptune, where we don’t have a Juno," said Amy Simon, a planetary atmospheres expert at NASA Goddard, in the statement.
The paper detailing the findings was published Aug. 17 in The Astronomical Journal.
Jupiter is a special world. It's the largest planet in our solar system, and likely was the first body to funnel the sun's leftover elements to form, according to NASA. So, it’s no surprise, then, that researchers once thought Jupiter had an identical composition to the sun.
But subsequent studies of the planet over the last few decades have revealed a Jupiter that is more complex. The hints of water in Jupiter's Great Red Spot come from a recent study by Gordon Bjoraker, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland.
Bjoraker and colleagues collected radiation data on Jupiter using two special telescopes on the Mauna Kea summit in Hawaii — an instrument at NASA Infrared Telescope Facility, and the "most sensitive infrared telescope on Earth" at the Keck Observatory, according to the space agency.
To supplement those observations, the team used data from NASA's Juno spacecraft, which can probe deeper into Jupiter's clouds than any mission before. Juno orbits Jupiter once every 53 days.
This enhanced-color image of Jupiter's Great Red Spot was created by citizen scientist Gerald Eichstädt using data from the JunoCam imager on NASA's Juno spacecraft. The image is adjusted and strongly enhanced to draw viewers' eyes to the iconic storm and the turbulence around it.
With ground-based instruments on Earth, the team watched thermal radiation leak from the depths of the Great Red Spot. They found that above the clouds in this turbulent region's abyss, chemical signatures of water existed. Models, both theoretical and computer-generated, support their findings of "abundant" water on Jupiter.
The researchers found that the deepest cloud layer with water signatures inside the Great Red Spot is at 5 bars, or five times the atmospheric pressure on Earth, where the temperatures reach water's freezing point.
This depth, in addition to the levels of carbon monoxide researchers detected on Jupiter, appears to confirm that Jupiter is rich in oxygen, and, since its abundance of hydrogenis already well-known, it has the ingredients for water.
The Great Red Spot is the dark patch in the middle of this infrared image of Jupiter. It is dark due to the thick clouds that block thermal radiation. The yellow strip denotes the portion of the Great Red Spot used in astrophysicist Gordon L. Bjoraker’s analysis.
But how much water could there be on Jupiter? More observations are needed to find out, researchers said.
"Jupiter's water abundance will tell us a lot about how the giant planet formed, but only if we can figure out how much water there is in the entire planet," Steven Levin, a Juno project scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, said in the statement.
If future observations by Juno confirm the existence of water on Jupiter, and map it in detail, it could potentially be used to help determine if there's water on other gas giant planets.
"If it works, then maybe we can apply it elsewhere, like Saturn, Uranus or Neptune, where we don’t have a Juno," said Amy Simon, a planetary atmospheres expert at NASA Goddard, in the statement.
The paper detailing the findings was published Aug. 17 in The Astronomical Journal.
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